How College Students Use Wikipedia for Course-Related Essay

Why then are academics so wary about the use of Wikipedia within universities? There are a number of related reasons. Before outlining them we should acknowledge that there may be differences according to academic discipline in attitudes towards Wikipedia. Speaking to academics from the natural and medical sciences over the last year, it seems that those subjects are less concerned with issues of originality of source than the arts and social sciences. It also may be [pic] and this is genuine speculation [pic] that academics in the English speaking world, where most of the academic controversy over Wikipedia use has been, are more sensitive to the source than in other parts of the world. These qualifications aside, there are definite reasons why Wikipedia use is, at the very least, contentious in universities. First, it is the product of anonymous individuals rather than known authorities, Wales is quite explicit on this: One of the fastest things we’re beginning to lose is the view of the world that there are a handful of thoughtful, intelligent people that should be broadcasting their views to everyone. And then the public is some sort of crazed rabble, easily swayed by rhetoric and so forth. Now we have to have a more nuanced understanding. Wikipedia is not necessarily anti-academic but it is anti-elitist as evidenced by the short shrift given to eminent academics in debates when they expected deference (see Keen 2007, 43[pic]4). Second, the non-proprietary nature of Wikipedia cuts against academic culture which valorises the rights of the author and publisher. Third, the anonymity of Wikipedia articles is alien to the cache of the named writer of the journal article or book. Fourth, the collaborative process challenges the norm of individual creation, prevalent in the arts and social sciences. Fifth, as intimated, Wikipedia departs from the standard mode of vetting by peer review. It is not true that articles are not reviewed. On the contrary, they are scrutinised by far more editors than for any journal. However, as the contributor is generally not an academic expert, so the reviewer is not generally an academic expert. So Wikipedia rejects academic custom in the compilation of knowledge. In addition, there are a number of what might be termed ‘learning and teaching’ issues pertaining to its use within universities. First, there is the issue of the accuracy of Teaching in Higher Education 651 Downloaded by [University of Glasgow] at 05:27 12 December 2012 Wikipedia entries, something that relates to the lack of formal expertise and peer review. Reviews of the accuracy of Wikipedia entries by formal expert(s) have actually been generally positive (for natural sciences see Giles 2005; American history Meier 2008). Despite this, the suspicion still surrounds Wikipedia that it cannot be trusted. O’Sullivan’s (2009, 119) assertion that ‘most people probably have an ambivalent attitude toward Wikipedia, thankful for its existence, using it frequently, but with reservations about its total reliability’ seems valid. Some academics would no doubt sympathise with the sardonic observation of comedian Frankie Boyle that Wikipedia entries should begin with ‘I reckon’. Second, some have questioned whether Wikipedia’s determination for studied neutrality is convincing. O’Sullivan (2010) complains that as Wikipedia only displays one voice, diversity is not incorporated and therefore articles become bland. Wales’s response is unapologetic: ‘Guilty as charged, we’re an encyclopedia’ (in Read 2006). Not that his approach to knowledge is without theory, it derives rather from his admiration for the convoluted ‘objectivist philosophy’ of Aryan Rand, the Russian e?migre? philosopher and novelist (Younkins 2007). A third learning and teaching concern is that, regardless of the reliability of Wikipedia, it is in itself an illegitimate form of research. Here the thinking would be that a student who culls Wikipedia for assignments does not understand scholarship. This consists of the consideration of various sources: a judicious sifting and ordering of knowledge, rather than lifting bite sized chunks of text that purport to capture a subject. On this Wales concurs, telling students: ‘For God sake, you’re in college; don’t cite the encyclopedia’ (in Young 2006). Some universities in the US have banned Wikipedia use, whilst others recommend a more discriminating approach (Jaschik 2007; Murley 2008). The latter is what Wales and others within Wikipedia advise: it should be used only as a starting place in academic research, a references source and a revision aid. What, however, is the evidence on Wikipedia use by students and academics at universities?

Reflection on the Character of Luke Skywalker Essay

Luke Skywalker’s character is a classic example of man’s constant battle of good and evil—not to be simply put as the battle of the good versus the evil—but the choice to be good or evil. He outwardly struggles to find his place and role in the society even as he struggles inwardly to understand his own nature. As Yoda and Obi-Wan explained to him, Luke must confront and go beyond the dark side to be a Jedi. He is confronted with facing Darth Vader, who he has just learned to be Anakin Skywalker—his father, and in whom Luke believes still has good in him and who he says he could not kill. He was also confronted with troubles that has shaped him into the peson he chose to be. Vader has been a Jedi once, turned to the dark side of the Force because he could not accept the death of his loved ones—first of his mother, then of his intuition that had foretold the death of his wife, Amidala. During their fight, he tried to convince his son that turning to the dark side was the only way Luke could save his friends. Luke was like his father, reckless in his actions and impatient in his youth. But as he matured, he learned the true path of the Force, with the guidance of Yoda and Obi-Wan. Like his father before him, he, too, was troubled with death and suffering. Yoda, sensing death coming to him, explains to Luke: â€Å"Strong am I with the Force, but not that strong. Twilight is upon me and soon night must fall. That is the way of things, the way of the Force.† Inevitably at Endor, Luke has come to confront his father, not with the intention of fighting him as before, but to convince him to turn back to the good side. His attempts turns out to be futile. He further exhibits his maturity from being reckless and impatient by restraining himself when given the chance to strike at the Emperor. However, the Emperor seduces Luke’s hatred and anger to attack him. Luke is tormented but still restrains himself until finally his rage erupted and attacked the Emperor. Darth Vader responded in defense of his master and Luke ends up fighting with his father. Luke realized that the Emperor was using his rage to turn him to the dark side of the Force. He has defeated Vader, not out of some personal, revenge-driven desire, but in order to protect someone he loves—Vader has treathened Luke’s newly found twin sister Leia. As he looked down on his father with pity and understanding, he realized that he, too, has the potential to turn to the dark side. He threw away his lightsaber in his firm belief that he could still save his father’s soul and save himself from the path of the dark side by not killing Vader. By doing so, he has rejected evil in himself and submits himself to the will of the Force. As Yoda explained to him: â€Å"A jedi’s strenght flows from the Force. But beware. Anger, fear, agression, the dark side are they. Once you start down the dark path forever will it dominate your destiny.† He has faced his own fears and defeated them, evidenced by his reply to the Emperor’s offer to take his father’s place at his side: â€Å"Never. I’ll never turn to the dark side†¦ I am a Jedi, like my father before me.† He has set an example that evil does not come naturally from the troubles that we are faced with, and that being good or evil is a matter of choice.

Business Failure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Failure - Research Paper Example The company was among the first to try out the Web 2.0 approach for dealing with this problem (Bruene, 2010). It started off on the right track since it had the appropriate technology thus was flexible in contracting negotiations. They had state-of-the art user interfaces that allowed the company to carry out efficient transactions. It featured in a public API and it had a well established database (Bruene, 2010). It had a strong brand image at the start and never used commissions from financial providers. At this juncture, it is important to note that the company was the first of its kind and had the experience as compared to other competitors. However, the company’s woes began even before the company was formed as several companies had started working on similar plans. The company started off with a decent capital investment of approximately $5 million capital investment and had up to 150, 000 members in the first year of its operation. The company was adversely affected whe n a similar company Intuit Company (Mint) was started $117 million capital and 300, 000 users (Bruene, 2010). Mint had a better brand name, an easier interface and a huge pool of capital. This together with the increasing competition from other new entrants put increasing pressure on Wesabe. The company began generating revenue later than Mint and finally ceased its operations in July 2010. The company’s mission statement was concerned with offering cheap, fast and efficient financial services by using the internet. It defined itself as ‘a community of real people dealing with real money issues’. The goals and objectives focused on ensuring that its clients meet their financial targets (Bruene, 2010). It was referred to as web based site that offered its members a better understanding on how to manage funds. It also focused on giving sound financial advice to their customers thereby improving their decisions on spending. The company did not aim to compete with tr aditional banks focused on providing unique and secure financial solutions to its customers. The company operates in a highly competitive market and its chief competitor is Mint. Mint has had outstanding growth since it was formed ten months after Wesabe. It has a market share of 60 percent (Bruene, 2010). The second competitor is Geezeo that has been experiencing impressive growth in the recent past. Other competitors include BudgetTracker, Thrive, Yodlee, PearBudget and Buxfer all which have shown impressive growth over the years (Bruene, 2010). The company faced competition from these other players in terms of marketing, sales and technology. The company failed to employ strategic marketing strategies therefore it did not reach a large number of users. Mint was more aggressive with marketing its financial services. With regards to sales, the company did not apply the sales tactics such as the ones used by Yodlee and Geezo. In terms of technology, Wesage did not integrate the FIâ €™s online banking frameworks in their system. Reasons for Failure As earlier stated, most businesses fail after a few months in operation. The major reason is due to lack of enough capital investment to run future activities. Stiff competition from other players in the market may also cause a business to shut its doors. Such businesses are characterized by poor developed business models that are impractical and ineffective (Bridges, 2013). Small businesses tend to be anxious to generate profits therefore they may over expand their activities. The other reason

Outline the Main Types of Business Structure that Existed in Britain Research Paper

Outline the Main Types of Business Structure that Existed in Britain Between the World Wars, Indicating their Strengths and Weaknesses - Research Paper Example The different types of business structures in Britain between World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945) included family firms, personal capitalism, cartelization, a formation of mergers, diversification, and growth of modern industrial empires. The purpose of this paper is to outline the main types of business structures during the inter-war years, indicating their strengths and weaknesses. During the early period of the interwar years, many British product markets were characterized by fragmentation, as companies attempted to differentiate their product separately from others’ products. Managerial and supervisory systems were weak, managers were poorly educated and trained, and the levels of managerial hierarchy were inadequately demarcated resulting in poor coordination and efficiency. According to Westall, late nineteenth century businessmen had the usual three strategy options: competition, collusion or integration. Each option had further choices for example, competition could be by non-price means such as a differentiation of products to make them more appealing to consumers. Collusion referred to cooperation between businesses to raise prices and profitability. Integration was the process by which companies joined together to accommodate larger shares of economic activity internally rather than rely on market mediation. The term family firm refers to various types of owner-managed firms.  

Punk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Punk - Essay Example The musical and lyrical features of the punk rock, reflected in songs such as â€Å"Anarchy in the U.K.† by the Sex Pistols and â€Å"White Riot† by the Clash, distinguish this genre from the popular music of the period. Therefore, the essential features of the punk musical aesthetics contribute to an understanding of the difference between the punk rock and the other popular rock music styles of the time such as the style of the Beatles. Significantly, â€Å"Anarchy in the U.K.,† the first single of the Sex Pistols, as well as â€Å"White Riot,† the first single of the Clash, divulges the crucial musical and lyrical features of the punk which, in turn, illustrate the distinction of the punk music to the popular music of the day. One notices the quality of fast and bare organization of music in them which reflects the style of the garage rock of the 1960s. The relatively shorter songs of â€Å"Anarchy in the U.K.† as well as â€Å"White Riot,† accompanied by stripped-down instrumentation also indicate the musical elements in the punk rock. These features set the punk rock bands apart from the popular music of the time and the decisive result of this music was undeniably f ar-reaching. As Frith and Horne suggest, â€Å"Punk rock was the ultimate art school music movement. It brought to a head fifteen years of questions about creativity in a mass medium, and tried to keep in play bohemian ideals of authenticity and Pop art ideals of artifice†¦ It ushered popular music into postmodernism.† (Frith and Horne, 124) The short but passionate song of the â€Å"White Riot,† along with quality of its lyrics, which deals with the controversial issues of class and race, illustrates the musical aesthetics of the punk rock in common. The effect of these musical bands, unlike that of the other popular bands such as the Beatles, was visible in the cultural milieu of period. Focusing on the musical elements in the punk rock music, it is illumining to

Reliability and Validity Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reliability and Validity Paper - Essay Example † and then proceeds with â€Å"How it will be measured?† (Desarbo, William, & Babin, 2009) A measurement is defined as ‘good’ if it fulfills the criteria of validity and reliability. Reliability: Reliability measures the extent to which the test yields consistent results each time it is conducted and across various situations and includes the following (Neukrug, 2008). Test-retest: This involves conducting the same scale or test to similar respondents at two different points in time (Neukrug, 2008). For example, a researcher interested in measuring the number of times an average adult worker falls sick within a year discovers that 68% of the population falls sick at least thrice. If this test is conducted again, under similar conditions, and it is discovered again that 68% of the population falls sick at least thrice a year, it indicates that the test is reliable. Split-half: Under this the researcher checks one half of the results of a test against the othe r half to check for internal consistency (Neukrug, 2008). For example, a researcher who has measured good quality of human services at a hospital in terms of four items ambience, proper equipment, quick procedure and trained staff can split the results by grouping the results of ambience and proper equipment together and quick procedure and trained staff together respectively and then check the Chronbach’s alpha for these two groups. ... If the results obtained through the two tests show high correlation, then the tests are considered to be reliable. Validity: Validity refers to the extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure; that is, the extent to which the test meets its objectives (Neukrug, 2008). The following are the types of validity: Face or content validity: This results from the consensus amongst experts that a scale logically appears to be reliable (Neukrug, 2008). For instance, questions such as â€Å"how many children do you have?† asked by a researcher regarding the effectiveness of family planning programs are generally assumed to stand up to face validity. Criterion Validity: If the measure correlates with another measure of the same construct then it is assumed to have criterion validity (Desarbo, William, & Babin, 2009). If the new measure is tested at the same time as the old measure and is shown to be valid it is known as concurrent validity and if the new measure is te sted at a later time and is shown to be valid then it is predictive validity (Desarbo, William, & Babin, 2009). For example, in tests reveal that the effectiveness of the prototype provide correct estimate of the effectiveness of the final medicine 80% of the time, then the test has predictive validity. If, however, the same correlation is established between the final medicine (after it’s manufactured) and its prototype at the same time, then it will have concurrent validity. Construct Validity: This refers to the extent to which the measure confirms a network of hypothesis based on a theory to which the concepts are related (Monette, Sullivan, & DeJong, 2010). Convergent

21st Century Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

21st Century Changes - Essay Example All these changes account for the ease in the life that the people are mostly looking for in the 21st century. Altogether it is seen that transportation has fairly increased from the previous century because of the affordable rates that have been introduced in the market. Airlines such as JetBlue have taken an initiative and they are using disposable boarding passes so as to decrease their cost. It can be seen that the overall costs of the fares have decreased and even the common people are now able to use these facilities. The use of computers and mobile phones has become much common these days. People living in the third world countries are now able to use internet from their homes because of the long range satellite programs. Altogether these technologies have provided a platform for increased globalization.   Ã‚  The 21st century has also brought financial breakdown for the whole world. It can be witnessed that the booming economy of the countries in the world came to a stop wh en the economies fell and the businesses went bankrupt. The crisis continued for a long time and it is expected that it will go on for more than 15-20 years. Fossil fuels are getting scarce because of their increased usage all around the world. The prices of these fossil fuels are also increasing and this poses a direct risk to the consumers. The prices of general commodities have also increased because of the rise in these prices. The wars have also taken a new curve after the September 11th attack.

Write up one to two pages about one of the ideas that you found most Essay

Write up one to two pages about one of the ideas that you found most interesting in Smelser and Reed, p. 185-253 - Essay Example Additionally, size in the context of organizations has effects that directly have an effect on the efficiency and the structure. It is captivating that Smelser and John perceive the size of an organization to be affected and determined by various aspects including activities distribution in time and space. The distribution of activities in time and space has a major effect on the organization, which influence the decisions made to achieve the desired outcome. Interestingly, Smelser and John indicate that greater size is associated with greater complexity and formalization; hence, they believe that size carries not only the definition of how large or small an organization is, but also the variations in the organization’s authoritative hierarchy and culture. The authors further outline the cautions necessary in handling effects associated with size including developments such as outsourcing, specializations, and virtual organization. Consequently, it is interesting that the size of an organization is linked to every other aspect of economies of scale and the dissemination of activities in time and

Identify an organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Identify an organisation - Essay Example As a result, ExxonMobil has benefit from suitable competitive advantages, in addition to market leadership. ExxonMobil is organized on a geographical level besides having an effective leadership and focus on the firm’s objectives. The organization of ExxonMobil is dependent on business services and geographical location. The firm has functional groups that are categorized into three crucial operating divisions. The three groups are the upstream, downstream and chemicals division (Coll, 2012). The upstream management level or division of the firm dominates the firm’s cash flow. This division accounts for 70 percent of ExxonMobil’s revenues. The upstream division is responsible for business activities such as oil exploration, extraction, shipping and wholesaling. These operations have their headquarters at Texas. The downstream operations oversee business activities such as marketing, refining and retailing. These operations are dependent on the firm’s Virgi nia operations. The chemical division oversees business activities that involve the production and use of chemicals in the operations of the firm. This division has its headquarters in Texas. ExxonMobil has over 82,000 employees located in different locations globally. These employees support the activities of the three organizational levels by ensuring that the organization achieves stability in operations. It is worth stating that ExxonMobil has different brands such as Exxon, Esso and Mobil. The firm also owns subsidiaries such as Imperial Oil Limited and SeaRiver Maritime (Coll, 2012). ExxonMobil’s upstream division has operations such as â€Å"ExxonMobil Upstream Ventures, ExxonMobil Exploration Company, ExxonMobil Development Company, ExxonMobil Production Company, ExxonMobil Gas and Power Marketing Company and ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company† (ExxonMobil, 2013). Downstream operations are achieved by the activities of â€Å"Sea River Maritime, Lubricant & S pecialties Marketing Company, ExxonMobil Refining and Supply Company, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, ExxonMobil Fuels and International Marine Transportation† (ExxonMobil, 2013). Operations of the chemical division are achieved through the activities of ExxonMobil Chemical Company. Flat or Tall Organization According to the organizational structure used by ExxonMobil, and the firm’s website, ExxonMobil is a flat organization. This means that the firm provides effective communication and interactive platforms (Bhairaw & Manoj, 2012). At ExxonMobil, every employee, regardless of level, status or job description can approach anyone at the firm and ask questions or share perspectives. ExxonMobil has an informative atmosphere. The flat organizational structure is based on ExxonMobil’s hierarchical structure. This structure was important because it helped the group access one of the firm’s representatives. The representative helped in filling out t he survey form. Tall organizational structures rely on traditional corporate structures that have mid-base and upper management levels. Tall organizational structures feature complex hierarchies that lead to long management chains (Bhairaw & Manoj, 2012). As the organization expands, the management levels increase. Managers form numerous ranks that control reduced numbers of employees or areas of the organization. Flat organizational structures have minimum management levels

Psychology Careers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology Careers - Research Paper Example He liked that idea too. Some of the questions were: Who is a substance abuse counselor? What is the qualification for being a substance abuse counselor? In what environment is the counseling conducted? Is it different from a general psychologist? If so, how? What are the usual practices of the substance abuse counseling? What typical challenges does a substance abuse counselor normally face and what is the best way to cope with them? What is group counseling and individual counseling? What is the average salary range for a substance abuse counselor? My cousin told me that an individual at least needs to have a BSc degree in Psychology in order to be a substance abuse counselor, and the average salary for a substance abuse counselor ranges from $40,000 to $50,000. The interview was conducted in his office that was at a distance of about a kilometer from my home. I met him at around 10 o’ clock in the morning. It had been 1 hr since he had started the duty. I entered the room. W e hugged each other since we were friends as well as relatives. There was no formality at all, yet I was prudent not to waste his time in any manner since he was on the duty and I had come to him with a business matter, and not for a personal reason. As I had already forwarded him the list of questions the print out of which he had in front of him on the table, he started to explain himself without having me bother to ask the questions. He replied every single question of mine while I was taking the notes, and was writing questions that were popping up in my mind from the discussion as I wrote. In the end, when he asked me if I had something else to ask him, I put forward all of those questions to which he promptly required. I thanked him, and wished him good-bye. I learned that a substance abuse counselor is an individual that helps people come out of their addictions. The interventions made by a substance abuse counselor may be staged. In other cases, counseling is offered to peop le who have yet to realize that their addiction is the root cause of a lot of troubles in their life. However, in most of the cases, substance abuse counselors offer counseling to the people who know that they are addicted and need treatment in order to come out of their problems before it is too late. A general psychologist deals with all areas of psychology whereas a substance abuse counselor specifically deals with patients that are addicted with a wide range of products. Sometimes, patients are addicted to alcohol, yet in a vast majority of cases the product is much more harmful than alcohol like Heroin, Codeine, Cocaine and Vicodin. The environment in which substance abuse counselors work is no less varying than the substances they have to provide the counseling for. Some counselors offer treatment in the very residence of the patient, while others may conduct the counseling sessions in offices, churches, or other community outreach centers (Jones, 2011). Thus, either a patient approaches the counselor or else, the counselor approaches patient. Counseling occurs either way as convenient to both the parties. The protocol that a substance abuse counselor mostly works in is established specifically for the treatment of addicts. A 12 Step Program is often used by the substance abuse counselors. Such programs are based upon twelve stages of treatment. Some of the most important of the twelve stages are â€Å"admitting powerlessness, turning to God, and making

Traditional Institution Essay Example for Free

Traditional Institution Essay Education has evolved tremendously over the past centuries. With its history deeply rooted in the need for one to gain as much knowledge and insight into everything that surrounds and interests him, we can say that there is no person on this planet who does not want to have a solid educational foundation. Unfortunately, life is not easy and survival is a priority for most people. This is why when the choice boils down to work or completing an education, work usually wins out. But, with the advent of the internet and along with it, the emergence of high quality distance education, one no longer has to make the difficult choice between work and studies. Now, everybody has the option to do both. Such an opportunity did not exist during the era when attending traditional educational institutions was the only acceptable method of earning a college degree. To begin with, distance education proves to be the less stressful alternative to attending a regular university. Due to the fact that distance learning institutions are available online, a student can access his classes at his most convenient time during the week. I can personally attest to the way my student needs have been very well served by distance education. For instance, it has removed the hassles that I experienced while attending a traditional institution. I no longer have to leave work as early as possible, drive through traffic, find a parking spot, and then run to class before the final bell rings. Now, all I have to do is drive home after my designated work hours, have a good meal, rest and relax, before finally turning on my computer and logging into my open schedule classes. Indeed, distance education has changed the way I view the completion of a college education. These days, when I hear or meet someone who has not managed to complete his degree because of â€Å"work† or â€Å"family† related reasons, I immediately point out to the person that if he really wants to, there is no reason for him to not complete his degree. I believe that is precisely because of those flimsy excuses that distance education was invented and made to be so convenient for anybody to attend. Distance education has also allowed me to access a finite amount of information regarding my lessons because of the readily available internet access during class hours. I find that because of the vast array of knowledge and information available to me with just a few taps of my fingertips, I am able to ask proper and pertinent questions of my lecturer. I also have the benefit of being able to present my own findings during class discussions that help provide for a wider range of discussion between the online student and the lecturer. In a traditional institution, such would not be possible because the discussion will be limited to the textbooks provided for use in the class. In contrast to a traditional institution, distance education allows me to expand my horizons beyond the classroom setting. I have had people trying to convince me that distance education learning is not a conducive way to study because a distance education student is on his own during class. They believe it removes the social interactivity that is always present when attending regular classes at a regular school. As this is the very activity that makes school fun for most people, I am often asked if I do not miss having classmates to talk to and hang out with before and after class. Do I not look for people to compare notes and exam results with? Indeed, these are experiences that make traditional education unique. But these days, people have to mix education and work more than half the time. It is a very delicate balance that has to be achieved by simply concentrating on the most important aspect of education, that is learning. From personal experience, I find that I learn more from the distance education process because I am free from the typical classroom distractions such as classmates who insist on chatting while the class is ongoing, the rude interruptions caused by the entrance of a classmate who is late for class, or the noise from the hallway that seeps in when the door to the classroom is accidentally left open. I am able to concentrate on my task of learning more through distance education because the only worry I have is if there is a blackout in my area and my laptop battery does not hold out until the online class ends. As for interaction between the teacher and the student, I find that I do not need to be in the physical presence of my classmates or teacher in order to learn. Distance classes work the same way as regular classes and, in the event that the professor requires an oral interaction with the students, we simply turn on our web cams and plug in the microphone and viola! We have a simile of physical classroom interaction. Due to the aforementioned reasons, I am of the firm belief that distance education makes more practical sense than that of attending a traditional educational institution. Technology of the 21st century has eliminated the need for people like me, who do not have much time to spend during the day attending classes, to attend a regular school. I can get the very same, if not even more advanced education through distance education. I have come to the realization that distance education is the best, stress free way of completing a college degree. Now, I am able to learn at my own pace and without spending too much on the incidental fees such as transportation and student fees that makes attending a traditional educational institution so expensive. I used to think that there was no way I would be able to complete my college education because I have a family to maintain and a job to keep, distance education offered me an opportunity to achieve my dream of completing my education without sacrificing my family or my job. At the end of everything, I see no reason to choose a traditional educational institution just because it allows for interaction between teachers and students. If that is the only reason to choose a traditional educational institution over distance education, I say that tradition has a lot of catching up to do with regards to the educational needs of the modern man. Prewriting Main Points: 1. Distance education is less stressful for the student because of the open schedule 2. Distance education allows undergraduates and high school graduates to complete a college education without having to quit their regular jobs. 3. Allows for more freedom in the learning process. 4. It gets boring and lonely to attend distance education classes.

Slavery and The Making Of America Essay Example for Free

Slavery and The Making Of America Essay Have you ever thought about the explicit details that went into the creation of America? Slavery and the Making of America, written by James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton uses facts and stories to portray the life of slaves, and the evolution of slavery over several decades, and its effect on America today. The title of this book, Slavery and the Making of America is a great leeway into the authors’ main thesis of the book; â€Å"Slavery was, and continues to be, a critical factor in shaping the United States and all of its people. As Americans, we must understand slavery’s history if we are ever to be emancipated from its consequences,† (Horton). Throughout the six chapters in this book, the authors’ go into explicit details on what actions from both white Americans and African slaves led to the Civil War, the abolition of slavery and America as it is today. Slavery and the Making of America is a book split into 6 chapters. The book starts off by explaining history about African slaves, and their bringing to America. Africans’ were kept as slaves in the United States for at least twelve generations. Slavery was one of the main components that led to the building of America. Well-endowed white men would buy slaves to work on their plantations. Slaves eventually created a basis for America’s wealth as a nation, especially with their labor put towards farming cotton. This book not only goes into details about the labor that the slaves partook in on a daily basis that kept America up and running, but also about the cultural aspect of bring slaves into the country. Bringing African’s over to America brought a whole new culture to America. Although white men enslaved African’s they continued to embrace their culture. They brought a new religion, language, music, and several skills that have uniquely blended the American culture  that it is today. This book shares stories of African people slowly becoming African Americans, despite the conditions that they lived and worked in. It goes into detail about the contradiction of the American people. How could a country founded on the basis of freedom and equality for all believe in slavery and unequal treatment of persons due to race? This book shares details of white Americans, generation after generation, trying to reconcile this contradiction, yet being unsuccessful. Although black people were enslaved, they never lost hope or determination to live up to the principles stated in the founding documents of America. The African Roots of Colonial America, the first chapter in this book, reflects the authors’ main thesis by examining the beginning of the African slave trade in America. During this time millions of Americans were shipped across the Atlantic in the largest forced migration in human history. During this time hundred of thousands of slaves were sent, and arrived to the new land annually. These slaves were used to create a newer and stronger global economy, by farming cotton, tobacco, and sugar in the Americas. Chapter two, Slavery: From the Revolution to the Co tton Kingdom shows a different perspective of the authors’ thesis. This chapter goes into more depth about the American Revolution and the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The authors’ explain that the white Americans’ had no intentions to include blacks in the Declaration of Independence despite the hostility from blacks, both those who were slaves and those who were free. The American Revolution was a turning point in slavery. Thousands of slaves escaped to the British, many settling in different countries. In the midst of the Revolutionary War, President Jackson sought out to black troops, granting them freedom from slavery if they survived the war. After the American Revolution, westward expansion was beginning to happen. With new technology of the cotton gin, more and more slaves were needed in the pursuit of expansion. Throughout this book the authors’ tie in specific persons and events that support their thesis. Several people who have shaped American history are mentioned in this book including Ellen Craft, Fr ederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Henry Box’ Brown. The middle of this book goes into explanation of fugitive slaves and Underground Railroad; â€Å"The terms associated with the new railroad became the code words used by these secret organizations. They called escape routes rails, safe houses stations, and the fugitives themselves  passengers or packages. Those who assisted fugitives called themselves conductors,† (Horton). Almost every important event in American history between 1650 and 1896 had some implication with racial inequality or slavery. The last two chapters of the book go into details about the ending of the Civil War and the final years of slavery in America. Chapter 5 looks into the actions of black Americans during the war that eventually led to freedom. Chapter 6 goes hand in hand with the main thesis of the book, describing the fight for equality of all races, specifically blacks in America. The authors’ talk about the Emancipation Proclamation, and the â€Å"passing of the thirteenth amendment, pro viding for total abolition of American Slavery,† (Horton). Although slavery had been abolished, there was still not equality in the United States, and there would not be for quite some time. Over time, racial inequality slowly diminished, through the passing of the fourteenth amendment (equal citizenship for blacks), the fifteenth amendment (right to vote), and the Civil Rights Act, which was eventually repealed in 1883. One of my favorite aspects of this book is that there is a companion video and website that compliment it very well. The website is very interactive and goes along right with the book. It shares personal stories of the slaves. It also has a very descriptive timeline of events that occurred over several centuries, which is also provided in the back of the book. I enjoyed that this book and the website not only focused on the labor that the slaves did but their culture. It showed what types of clothes they wore, what type of music they played and listened to. When Africans were first brought to America, they never stopped believing in their culture and where they came from. One of the founding principles of the United States is the ability for different races and ethnicities to come together and create one America, a melting pot. Although the predominant race was white Europeans and still is to this day, people of all races are free to their own culture. I believe that this book and all the content that goes along with it is very well written and accurate. I enjoyed that this book went to a more personal level and told stories of specific slaves, and their hardships. The authors’ thesis throughout this book is very vague but I think they still provide a substantial amount of information to back up their thesis, throughout the whole book. I agree fully that slavery was one of the most important  influential aspects of American History. Although I think that there was information that the authors’ left out. This book focuses predominantly on the slavery of Africans, even though many other races were also sold as slaves throughout many decades. Hundreds of thousands of Irish were sold to English settlers for hundreds of years, and often saw harsher punishment than their African counterparts. I feel like the credibility of the book would go up significantly if it focused on the broad spectrum of slavery, rather than only focusing on the history of slavery throughout African American history. I would put this book on a list of must reads, as it really shows you the smaller, more important details that built a foundation for this country. Overall I felt that this book was a great at going into more detail on slavery and how important it actually was in the creation of America. Although I knew that slavery was a main component in the United States history, this book was an eye opener, and reminded me that almost all of the most significant events that shape the history of this country were primarily based around slavery and the freedom and equality of all persons. Works Cited Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. Slavery and the Making of America. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print. Slavery and the Making of America. PBS. PBS, 1 Jan. 2004. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. .

Effect of Increased Levels of Car Ownership

Effect of Increased Levels of Car Ownership Thomas Wust Increased levels of car ownership – is it driving places to the point of no return? In the past century, the car has become an everyday essential item for increasing numbers of people globally. There are 5 people in my house and we own one car. It has a diesel engine, and it is used for the school run every Monday to Friday. My dad then takes the car to Wolverhampton to work. He uses more fuel travelling 6 miles in the town to drop me and my brothers off at our schools and my mum at work, than he does travelling 22 miles on the motorway to go to work. The journey time isn’t much different either. Map 1: Car Ownership Levels7 KEY 601+ 501-600 301-500 151-300 101-150 61-100 41-60 21-40 11-20 The map shows that in most MEDC’s, there are over 301 cars per capita, whereas in LEDC’s, there are considerably less (mostly Map2 (below) from Worldmapper8 shows car ownership levels from a different perspective. ‘Larger than life’ areas e.g. North America, Japan and the UK have high levels, whereas ‘shrunken’ areas have fewer, hence why Africa and parts of Asia are visually smaller than Europe and America. This may be a necessity in some areas eg remote rural areas where public transport links are limited (Cumbria, UK) or a luxury in others, where public transport networks are seamless eg Germany. Map 2: Car Ownership – a different view! Over time, cars have become increasingly common place but can the existing roads and related infrastructure cope with the extreme increase of car ownership? Will the extent of road coverage become over-run in the future? Is it indeed driving places to the point of no return? The number of cars available in the UK (known as the car parc) has risen from 17 million in 1971, to 31 million in 2007 according to the RAC. That’s almost doubled in 36 years (average annual increase of 3%). Car Ownership on the increase – what are the causes? What are the effects of increased car ownership? The effects of car ownership are beneficial for some, but not for others. Socially, the car is an easy commute, and is accessible to all, regardless to age or height (persons under 17 in the UK cannot drive, however they can be passengers). There are impacts in regard to health, because CO2 emissions in UK cities are too high according to EU rules, meaning potential impacts for those with breathing related ailments. Economically, the effects are positive because it creates transport related employment; generates income from fuel duty and road tax, which help the UK government to provide a safer driving environment. However, there is a negative effect economically. When a vehicle collides with another, or crashes into property, insurance companies pay for the damage, which costs them a lot of money. Environmentally, there are only downsides to car ownership; the largest being the emissions released from a cars’ exhaust, and because car ownership is increasing, the problem will only develop and cause more problems, unless car designs improve. Noise pollution is an additional problem. Toll roads also cause environment problems. This is because many are built over green-field land (land not built on) and they are used by a small amount of people in the UK, therefore not only is it bad for the environment, but it’s also a waste of money and land. According to a campaigner for better transport in the UK, the M6 toll has no net benefit for drivers whilst causing huge and irreversible environmental damage.11 The M6 Toll carries 55,000 vehicles per day12, out of the 2  ½ million vehicles in the West Midlands. That’s 0.022% of vehicles in the West Midlands per day – that arguably makes it an expensive race track. Also, oil consumption becomes a problem, especially with the car ownership rates increasing in China: â€Å"We project that the total vehicle stock will increase from about 800 million in 2002 to over 2 billion units in 2030. In particular, China’s vehicle stock will increase nearly twenty-fold, to 390 million in 2030. This fast speed of vehicle ownership expansion implies rapid growth in oil demand.†13 Oil is a non renewable fossil fuel. We have gone beyond ‘peak oil’ and will need to find alternatives, potentially this will help the environment. This could be rectified by manufacturing car that use biofuels made of organic matter and other materials, and electric cars. Again, public transport falls into this category, however, in the UK especially, we need to work on the reputation of public transport in terms of cost, friendliness of employees and late arrivals. Globally, car ownership is increasing; however different countries are increasing at different rates. Map 3 (p6) shows how many cars the country had per 1000 people in 2010. The map shows that the U.S. has the highest amount of cars to 1000 people and Kenya have the lowest with 24 cars to 1000 people. What I find very surprising from this data is how low China’s and India’s cars per capita is, however I believe this is a good move by China and India from an environmental perspective because of their flourishing economy and workforce, they already emit high levels of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. Having a lower car ownership rate than other countries per 1000 people assists in bringing the amount of carbon emissions down. In addition to this, China is a NIC (newly industrialised country), and so is India, so they may not be able to command such a large car ownership per capita. Because this data is 4 years old, the numbers would have changed. My prediction in 2014 is that the NIC’s (See table below) would have increased car ownership per capita, as their countries are developing and transport is much needed. MEDC’s are trying to reduce the amount of cars on the road due to climate change targets needing to be met, especially the case in the EU. LEDC’s would have stayed the same or increased if more cars are bought or as they begin to become a developing country. MEDC Country Cars per Capita NIC Country Cars per Capita LEDC Country Cars/capita U.S. 797 Japan 591 South Africa 165 Australia 717 Russia 293 Kenya 24 New Zealand 713 Brazil 249 Canada 607 China 83 U.K. 519 India 18 In comparison to MEDC’s and LEDC’s, it is clear that MEDC’s have a higher number of cars per capita than LEDC’s. The main causes of car levels rising is a population increase. With 7 billion people on the planet now, people want an easy method of transport and the car is the obvious solution for most. If the world’s population carries on increasing at the predicted rate of 1 billion people every approximately 12 years in the world, the effects of increased car ownership could be increased congestion, more grid lock, and an unhealthy effect of the Earth’s climate. What if we †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. increase the price of cars when the customer already has 2 cars to their household. This could discourage customers from purchasing extra cars and will result in fewer cars on the roads. In addition, fewer cars mean less repairs and refurnishing on the roads, making less congestion and traffic jams. This will also decrease the risk of collision if there are fewer cars. Increase road taxes. Although this will be extremely unpopular with motorists, it will mean they have less disposable income to spend on additional cars. Furthermore, the extra money is going to the government, and they put the money back in to making driving safer by placing safety cameras. enforce a law which limits a household to 2 cars. This will be effective because it prevents excessive car ownership and will aid in the sustainability of road structures because there will be fewer cars to damage the road. The knock on effect here is reduced employment in the car industry. build additional roads on unused land. Although this is definitely not environmentally friendly, it will mean that vehicles have more roads to use. This will assist in making less grid locks and less congestion. This scenario isn’t fully sustainable because car ownership is always rising (if predicted rate happens), and eventually those roads will be used up too. Create more public transport capacity. Even though a household may own 3 cars, they will be used less if we tempt them onto the bus or train. The solution is great if you live in an urban area where these services are available; however this may not be a viable solution to people living in a rural area where a bus service or train station isn’t available. Develop more cycle routes and pedestrian pathways to encourage people to walk to their destination or cycle there. Not only will this help with the congestion and grid lock problem, it is also helping the environment because fewer emissions from cars will be released into the atmosphere. This also helps with the UK obesity issue too. If we look to Germany and Switzerland, their public transport systems are developed and provide an excellent service, as I can say because of personal experiences and comparisons between the UK’s. However it seems that the UK are taking steps forward in improving public transport, as the government have confirmed a  £2.7bn deal to build new ‘state of the art’ trains between London and Scotland. UK Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said: â€Å"These new trains will transform rail travel between many of the great towns and cities of England and Scotland. This deal is further proof that our long-term economic plans are on track, creating jobs and breathing new life into the UK’s train-building industry.† In conclusion, I feel that we need to tempt drivers from their cars and convince them to use public transport or cycle and walk as an alternative. Walking brings health benefits to the individual and in terms of reduced emissions. Car ownership is driving us to the point of no return, we cannot escape that fact, however with careful direction and thought we could ‘turn the corner’ and become more sustainable. As a result of my research, when I am older and able to drive, I will try to only own one car, two only if it absolutely necessary. This is to help the levels of car ownership stay the same or decrease in my area, helping my and others’ health. Ideally I will live close to work, cutting commuting time and improving the chance of viable public transport use. Bibliography/Sources FOR INDEPENDENT REPORT 2 – TRANSPORT http://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/car%20ownership%20in%20great%20britain%20-%20leibling%20-%20171008%20-%20report.pdf www.potholes.co.uk http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita www.outline-world-map.com http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20442666 http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/?gclid=CNf3ysa3t7wCFQQGwwod6hMAxg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_vehicles_per_capita.svg http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=31 http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.59290322580644;ti=2007$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=tu0H0unnUriNvMXwH_qOqzw;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=194;dataMax=96846$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0.2955;dataMax=1214$map_s;sma=50;smi=2$cd;bd=0$inds= https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/fig/figure-5-2.jpeg http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25221134 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtran/218/218we19.htm http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?rep=rep1type=pdfdoi=10.1.1.168.3895 https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport http://people.virginia.edu/~yo3t/wp/cars.pdf http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/pratik-dave/225581/investments-made-under-national-urban-renewal-mission-india-did-it-help-reduce-ve

Police Work And Related Fields :: essays research papers fc

Police Work and Related Fields CO-OP Christmas exam 1. The working conditions of a police officer can vary from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  easy to stressful situations where the officers life and the lives of others are threatened. The officer must deal with these situations in the way they feel is best but sometimes the officer cannot deal with this situation on their own and they have to call in backup witch can help them deal with the situation. CHANGING IN THE WORK PLACE In these times of change many work places are finding it necessary to change the ways in which they do business. The RCMP for example are moving into a more community based policing. This makes the police more accessible to the community. In this new system the RCMP try to solve the problem if they are repeatedly called to the same home for domestic disputes they will stay for how ever long it takes to find the route of the problem, where as if they were to encounter the same situation their policy was to arrive in two minutes and stay for 20 minutes. This new program is the starting stages and already it has had great reviews and great public support, as it brings the police closer to the community. Another part of this community based policing is that there are crime prevention comities that are run by various community groups that have monthly meetings with the police. A police officer starts their career with on the job training and then they move on to become a constable where they must be able to relocate to any part of the country where they are positioned. In order for an officer to advance tier career they may have to switch divisions where their careers may excel. The work values for a police officer is to uphold the law, patrol assigned areas and maintain public safety. They also participate in public information groups and safety programs. 2. The nature of the work is always changing as crimes are becoming more and more sophisticated, as well as there is no set times that any crimes will happen so their jobs are always different. The job of a police officer is always different as they could be talking to various groups on any number of topics. They could also be testifying in court in relation to an investigation they participated in. Officers may also take calls on situations in which they can provide counselling to the caller until help arrives or provide necessary numbers of shelters and food banks. 3. The outlook in this field is good although an officer could go through the

The Democratization of American Christianity :: Book Review, Nathan Hatch

The Democratization of American Christianity, by Nathan Hatch, is written about â€Å"the cultural and religious history of the early American republic and the enduring structures of American Christianity† (3). Hatch writes to make two arguments: 1) the theme of democratization is central to understanding the development of American Christianity, and 2) the years of the early republic are the most crucial in revealing to process that took and is still taking place. The story of the democratization of American Christianity begins with the population boom in America from the Revolution up to 1845. Hatch writes that during this boom, â€Å"American Christianity became a mass enterprise† (4). This mass enterprise is reviewed through five traditions in the early nineteenth century: the Christian movement, the Methodists, the Baptists, the black churches, and the Mormons. Hatch explains that these major American movements were led by young men who shared â€Å"an ethic of unrelenting toil, a passion for expansion, a hostility to orthodox belief and style, a zeal for religious reconstruction, and a systematic plan to realize their ideals† (4). These leaders changed the scope of American Christianity by orientating toward democratic or populist ideals. Their movements offered both individual potential and collective aspiration, which were ideas ready to be grasped by the young and booming population. These early leaders had a vision of a faith that disregarded social standing, and taught all to think, interpret, and organize their faith for themselves. It was a faith of â€Å"religious populism, reflecting the passions of ordinary people and the charisma of democrati c movement-builders† (5). New brands of distinctly American Christianity began developing early in the country’s history. Before the revolution, George Whitefield set the stage for American religious movements. The most important factor that helped launch these movements was the American Revolution. The country was ripe with conversation and action on a new understanding of freedom. The revolution â€Å"expanded the circle of people who considered themselves capable of thinking for themselves about issues of †¦ equality, sovereignty, and representation† (6). The country was beginning to move toward an understanding of strength lying in the common people, and the people’s ability to make their own personal decisions on issues of leadership and authority. There was a common belief that class structure was the major societal problem. The revolution created the an open environment that pushed equality of the individual, allowing political and religious beliefs to flourish and grow with out being held in check by authoritarian leaders.

The Taming of the Shrew Essays -- English Literature Essays

The Taming of the Shrew Examine the different ways in which Shakespeare presents the attitude towards marriage in the play, ‘The Taming of the Shrew.’ The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare’s earliest comedies, and it shares many essential characteristics with his other romantic comedies, such as Much Ado About Nothing and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. These characteristics include light-hearted and slapstick humour, disguises and deception and a happy ending in which most of the characters come out satisfied. The play has been dated from as early as 1594 and as late as 1598. (http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/shrew/context.html) The main themes in the play are love, marriage, domination, society expectations, betting and money. Does love really exist in the play or is it just love for money. It seems that the key to a happy and successful marriage is money. This comedy written by Shakespeare uses disguises and that also is a key part to the play. Although it is intended to be a comedy, there is sometimes a black cloud hanging over it. For instance the way in which Katherina is treated doesn’t always seem to be funny; instead it is quite cruel and degrading. â€Å"She eat no meat today, nor none shall eat; last night she slept not, nor tonight she shall not.† (Page 62, act 4 scene 1 line 182-183) Men saw marriage as a way to get rich; love didn’t even enter the equation. Padua is a rich area and therefore many suitors fled there in the hope of becoming wealthy. â€Å"I come to wive it wealthily in Padua,† says Petruchio. He asks outright, â€Å"Then tell me – if I get your daughter’s love, what dowry shall I have with her to wife?† (Page 37, act 2 scene 1, line 119-120) The husbands were given a dowry by the father of the daughter when they became married. Women didn’t have any say in who they chose to marry; instead the decision was given to the father. If a daughter was not married then they were looked shoddily upon within the society. In this era every woman was to be married otherwise they were frowned upon within the community. Further more without Katherina getting married, Bianca would also never marry. Within a family the eldest daughter must be married off first and in this play turned out to be a bonus. â€Å"Her father ke eps from all access of suitors and will not promise her to any man until her elder sister first be wed.† This is the main an... .... She now obeys what is asked of her by Petruchio like such as when she is told to lecture the other wives about how to be a good wife, â€Å"Katherina, I charge thee, tell these headstrong women, what duty they do owe their lords and husbands.† Without arguing and saying a word against what is asked of her she gives her advice, â€Å"Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, thy head, thy sovereign, one that cares for thee.† Women in the Elizabethan era were presented as very obedient to their husbands and respectful to them also. They had no power and no say, they were treated badly and nothing would be done to stop the behaviour. In modern society most women have as much say as the men, they are not expected to stay at home and clean etc, and instead they go to work as well. Some women are like Katherina before she was supposedly tamed, very out spoken, yet inequality still exists. During the Elizabethan era marriage was like a business contract, if the money is there then so is the signature. Love was never a part of the play and this showed in both Hortensio and Petruchio, who Shakespeare uses to expose this superficial approach to the supposedly romantic notion of marriage.

Technology and Civilization: Course Description

Key themes that will be surveyed in this course Include a) technology, culture, race and gender, b) religion and technology, c) the relationship between science and technology, d) the management of technology, and e) how users shape new technologies. Further Information about natural science courses can be found at www. Ants. York. Ca. Class Format: The class is scheduled to meet on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 4-5:pm. Classes will begin with a lecture followed by a discussion period of class readings.You will then be asked to fill out Work's Attending Physician's Statement and submit it before you are allowed to write the exam at an alternate date and time. Depending on your situation, you may also be asked to fill out a Deferred Standing Form as well. Further information about missed exams and the required forms can be found at: www. Registrar. York. Ca/exams/deferred/ If you miss an exam for a non-medical emergency, please contact your course director via email within 48 hours and outline your situation. If your explanation is accepted, you will be asked to provide further documentation.After examining your documentation, the course director will decide whether to grant or deny you permission to write your exam. Students with physical, learning or psychiatric disabilities who require reasonable accommodations in teaching style or evaluation methods should discuss this with the Course Director early in the term so that appropriate arrangements can be made. Course Website: The course website is: http://model. York. Ca Once you go this website, you must enter in your Passport York User ID and Password n order to access courses.The course is listed under the Faculty of Science. Will be posted on the course website. Although these notes are extensive, it is still imperative that you come to class. This is because our in-class lectures will highlight what material is most important to know. This will allow you to focus your attention on what you really need to know to do well on exams. Also, don't forget that attendance is worth 8% of your mark. is a student-run academic support service designed to help York University undergraduate students excel in their Natural Science courses.Their team of dedicated tutors will clarify course material and offer general guidance on assignments, enabling you to complete them independently with a higher degree of success.

1984 vs. Animal Farm Essay

In both novels xix cardinal and puppet spring up there atomic number 18 m wholly similarities. Three main topics, which leave al star be discussed in this essay, ar stamp d witness, isolation, and mavericklion. The administration military units in to each one bon ton of the both novels use mastery and isolation as tools for curbing rebellion to ensure their reign of the cordial authority for future years to come.In xix cardinal, the government, also kat oncen as the P finessey, controls the parliamentary procedure Winston lie withs in. This stockpiles place boney the eastern side of the world and it is separate into three atomic number 18as Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania. These three dirts atomic number 18 unceasingly at state of war with each some early(a) and ar controlled by different governors. Winston lives in Oceania and the callers leader is mortal named well-favored Brother. No one has ever seen this person before, but is verbalize to exist. The company abolishes all(prenominal) type of art including the art of having free testament. These abilities were destroyed, smothered, and obliterated through with(predicate) careful means, and anyone having them was stated insane, dangerous, and antisocial. To pr nonwithstandingt these laws from existence broken, the Party brainwash masses and tolerate Telescreens that gage monitor everyones actions and a security task force c whollyed purview Police to enforce these laws with torture and pain.The cerebration Police would desexualise him notwithstanding the selfsame(prenominal). He had committed, even if he had never specify pen to paper, the essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime could not be hidden forever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they ware bound to get you (pg. 166)The Thought Police are so feared that even Winston is afraid to break any of the laws. H e knows he wants to write, but is already afraid before he even starts. This is how the Party suppresses the society.Likewise, in Animal Farm, control is involved with its society as well. The animals envisioned in this novel represent forgiving beings. The pigs are the smartest animals in the heighten and they take control and partipulate the otheranimals to do their dirty work. One of the pigs, Napoleon, has taken the mint of power with force and he controls the turn by using all the animals for his own benefit. Like Nineteen Eighty-Four, there are laws in Animal Farm, but as time goes by they are removed and regulate to his liking. To enforce Napoleons mode of life, he uses savage dogs (which he raises from birth) to suppress the society (the animals). The dogs are just wish the Thought Police in Nineteen Eighty-Four.All that year the animals worked kindred slaves. exclusively they were happy in their work they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everythi ng they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come later them, and not for a pack of idle, knock off hu small-arm beings.(pg. 51)Napoleon and the Party are the same. They both control the society with function or control and anyone who does not deliver the goods their rules, are dealt with.Isolation in Nineteen Eighty-Four, is displayed by the whole society itself. It can be seen through the laws of each knowledge base and how the wars between them. The Party constantly tells the society false entropy to slip by them where they are. It tries to respect the population from leaving their land and miserable to another, even though it is impossible since every other land is equally isolated. The society is constantly given false information ab forth their land being in war with this one to frighten the people. The Party tries to retain the society separated from other ones to ensure that no other power can overthrow them. For example, if anot her land were to gain a higher population, they would switch more power and more control. Thus, video display the Partys isolation.Once when he happened in some connection to distinguish the war against Eurasia, she startled him by utter casually that in her opinion the war was not happening. The rocket bombs which fell casual on London were probably fired by the Government of Oceania itself, just to keep people frightened. (pg.154)Just the same, Animal Farm, is isolated. The animals take over the grow and they keep themselves away from the gentle man. They even change the victor name of the farm to Animal Farm once they assume taken it over. The farm is isolated from the rest of the society. The animals in the farm are separated and even have their own governors. In the farm, the animals mean that all animals are comrades and the only enemy against them is man. They believed that they were better off without the humans and that they would live even better lives than the hu mans.The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every discernment of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was in truth their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master (pg. 24)The animals are isolated from the humans and now that they are, they believe that they are truly happier and productive than they were in the past.Many of the people in Nineteen Eighty-Four are brainwashed and are made to believe that they are reenforcement a fortunate life. The people have no stem that the world they live in is in truth a lie, except for Winston, who believes otherwise. Inside his heart, he hates the Party even though he works for them. His work is to produce false information and deliver it to the society. Winston hates this, thus take him to rebel. To fight against the Party, there is a collection led by a man named Goldenstein and the only purpose of the group is to check-out procedure the Party. In the end the rebellion is delusive and nothing actually comes good out of it. Nothing can change the Party and nothing impart.He was walking drink the white-tiled corridor, with the feeling of walking in sunlight, and an build up guard at his back. The long-hoped-for slug was go into his brain? He loved Big Brother (pg. 300)Even though Winston has conjugated the rebellion, it is shown that it wontsucceed. The rebellion is turn out that it wont succeed in this quote. Winston represents the rebellion in general and the bullet represents the Party. The bullet has entered Winstons brain and has sweep awayed him, just like how the Party will kill the rebellion.Similarly, Animal Farm has a rebellious group. Like Nineteen Eighty-Four, the animals represented the rebels and that man represented the Party. Man, just like the Party, had complete control over the farm. hence the animals decided it was time, and raged war with man. The residue is that the animals did actual ly overthrow the government opposed the rebels in Nineteen Eighty-Four, but the rebels in both novels still have the same goal.Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too exhausted to pull the plough, he cannot run extravagant enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself(pg. 7)The animals rebel for same reasons as Winston did. They are living in a world where they are all mistreated.To sum it up, there are many similarities between Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm. Both powers in each novel have complete control of the society, and use isolation and force to discipline them. This never-ending fight for control will never stop and any change will just result in a large cycle stellar(a) back to the same problems.